Important+Court+Cases

=Important Supreme Court Cases=

Before Jefferson was elected in 1800 John Adams appointed 58 from his own party to Congress. These new members would make it hard for Jefferson to pass any new laws because they were from a different political party. He took office before John Marshall was able to finish passing out the commission papers to the new congressman. So when Jefferson took office he wouldn't allow his new Secretary of State, James Madison, to hand out the commission papers to the rest of appointed members. One of the newly appointed members was William Marbury, Justice of Peace in the district of Columbia, and he sued Madison for not giving him his papers. He argued that the [|Judiciary Act of 1789] made Marshall give him his commission papers. The case was directly taken to the Supreme court where it was decided that James Madison must give William Marbury his commission papers.
 * Marbury v. Madison**

Dred Scott was a slave to the Emersons in 1799. They had move from Missouri to the free state of Illinois, them they moved back again. John Emerson died in 1843 and left the slaves to his wife. Scott asked if he could earn money from Ms. Emerson but his request was denied. He decided to sue Ms. Emerson for false imprisonment. Scott said that when the Emersons took him to Illinois he had become a free man and then as a free man they forced him to move back to Missouri. Ms. Emerson won the first case in 1847 because Scott's lawyer had no proof that Scott was a slave. In 1850 Ms. Emerson gave her slaves to her brother John F. A. Sanford. At court Scott's lawyer was able to find witnesses to prove that Scott and his family were slaves. The courts sided in favor of the Scott's because of the doctrine "Once free, always free." Sanford took his case to the Missouri Supreme court in 1852. William Scott, newly elected pro slavery justice, wrote that Missouri didn't have to enforce other states laws and that Scott was now in Missouri which was a slave state. In the end of that case Sanford won. The case was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States. Scott lost the case.
 * Dred Scott v. Sandford**[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DredScott.jpg/250px-DredScott.jpg width="79" height="91" align="left"]]

When the "Separate Car Act" was passed in Louisiana in 1890 a group of African American men decided to protest it. The fine for breaking this law was $25 or 20 days in jail. Homer Plessy was one of the men. He was only an 1/8 black, but still wasn't allowed to ride in the white section of the train. On June 7, 1892 Plessy purchased a train ticket from New Orleans to Covington and sat in the first class white section. He was later arrested for breaking the "Separate Car Act". The case was taken to court where Plessy was defended by Albion Tourgee, a white lawyer. Tourgee's defense was that the act violated the 13 and 14 amendment. The judge of the case was John Howard Ferguson who had recently said that if the train had traveled through other states the act was unconstitutional. Since the train stayed in the same state Judge Ferguson pronounced Plessy guilty. The case was taken to the Louisiana Supreme Court that sided with Plessy saying the Act was Unconstitutional. When the case was taken to the US Supreme Court in 1986, the decision was that as long as the train cars were "equal" they could be separate.
 * Plessy v. Ferguson**

On December 7, 1941 Japan bombed Pearl Harbor.In shock the US goverment moved all the Japanese ands Japanese-Americans away from the western coast to stop spies from comunicating. This was called Exclusion Order No. 34. Fred Koremastsu was one of the people sent inward. To stay on the western coast he got plastic sergory to look like a Mexican. The police found out he was hiding and arested him for violating the new act. Korematsu argued at the trial that the act was violating his rights and was discriminating Japanese desendants. The US goverments said the act was nessesary for the war effort. When the case was take to the supreme court in 1944, they sided with Korematsu with a 6 to 3 vote.
 * Korematsu v. United States**

The Plessy v. Ferguson decision aloud school to segregate as long as they were equal. Linda Brown couldn't go to the all white Sumner school and had to walk to Manroe school when the Sunmer school was closer to her house. The Brown family thought that separating schools was unconstitutional and they sued the school and took their case to court. Thurgood Marshall was one of their lawyers. In the first court case the court ruled that because ot the separate but equal doctrine they school system was not responsible. The cases was then taken to the US Supreme court in 1954. In the case the judges overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson case and said that as long as they're separate they will never be equal because it will make one person feel inferior to another. This case was very important to the African-American civil rights movement and brought together the whole country.
 * Brown v. Board of Education**[[image:http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/Brown/LindaBrown.jpg width="89" height="106" align="right"]]

Dollree Mapp lived in Cleveland Ohio with her daughter. The police got a lead that she was hiding a wanted bomber in her house and they went to investigate. At the time they didn’t have a warrant so Ms. Mapp wouldn’t allow them in her house. Later on the police used force to enter the home and handcuffed Ms. Mapp. They showed her what they said to be a warrant. During the polices investigation they found sexual pictures and arrested Mapp for breaking Ohio's law agents pornographic pictures. The case was taken to court where Mapp's lawyer argued that the police didn't have a warrant and when they were asked to get the warrant they didn't have it. Mapp was sent to 1-7 years in a women's reformatory. When the case was taken to the Ohio Supreme court they decided that all though the evidence was taken without a warrant to search the house, Mapp still had committed a crime. In 1961 Mapp v. Ohio was taken to the United State's Supreme Court. Mapp's lawyer argued that the evidence the police gathered when they went into Ms. Mapps house wasn't allowed to be used in the case. The 4th amendment, "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.", made the court overturn Mapp's rule.
 * Mapp v. Ohio**[[image:http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:6ClS2DLGGRmSLM:http://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/clark/images/mapp_photo.jpg width="108" height="136" align="right" link="http://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/clark/images/mapp_photo.jpg"]]

__Bibliography__ http://www.landmarkcases.org/index.html http://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/clark/images/mapp_photo.jpg http://img.tfd.com/authors/madison.jpg http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/D/1801-1825/marshallcases/mar06.htm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DredScott.jpg/250px-DredScott.jpg http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/Brown/LindaBrown.jpg